Office Management: Brampton
Named after the town of Brampton in Cumberland, England, Brampton was incorporated as a village in 1853 and as a town in 1873, and became a city in 1974.[4] The modern City of Brampton was formed following an amalgamation of several surrounding townships and communities.
The city was once known as "The Flower Town of Canada", a title referring to its abundance of greenhouses and strong floriculture industry in the 1860s.[5][6] It maintains the term "Flower City" as its slogan.
In recent times, the city has experienced large population growth. Despite being built as a car-centric city, Brampton has a significant transit system, with a ridership of 49,200,800, or about 226,500 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2024...Geography and boundaries
Brampton has a total land area of 265 square kilometres (102 sq mi). The City of Brampton is bordered by Highway 50 (Vaughan) to the east, Winston Churchill Boulevard (Halton Hills) to the west, Mayfield Road (Caledon) to the north (except for a small neighbourhood, Snelgrove, which is part of Brampton despite extending slightly north of Mayfield Road), the hydro corridor (Mississauga) to the south as far east as Torbram Road, where the border between the two cities follows the CN Halton Subdivision. It follows the line as far east as the former Indian Line (today a private access road), turns back north along it to briefly border Toronto (Etobicoke), towards the intersection of Steeles Ave. and Albion Road/Highway 50.
Climate
Brampton features a continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) which is typical of the rest of the Greater Toronto Area...In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada...
Demographics
Brampton had a population of 656,480 living in 182,472 of its 189,086 total private dwellings, a change of 10.6% from its 2016 population of 593,638. With a land area of 265.89 km2 (102.66 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,469.0/km2 (6,394.7/sq mi) in 2021.[42] At its growth rate of 10.6% since the 2016 census, Brampton was the fastest-growing of Canada's largest 25 municipalities...
Economy
Companies with headquarters in Brampton include MDA Space Missions, which will be building the CanadaArm 3. Loblaw Companies Ltd.,[59] Chrysler Canada Brampton Assembly Plant,[60] Gamma-Dynacare Medical Laboratories,[61] Mandarin Restaurant,[62] Brita, Shoppers Drug Mart, Canon, Canadian Blood Services, Sleep Country Canada and Clorox.
Other major companies operating in Brampton include, Boston Scientific, DSV, Air Canada Global Operations, Rogers Communications, Magna International, CN Rail Brampton Intermodal Terminal,[63] Best Buy,[64] Amazon which has four production facilities in the city,[65] Nestlé,[66] Hudson's Bay Company (HBC),[67] Frito Lay Canada, Coca-Cola,[68] and Canadian Tire which has two distribution facilities in the city.
William Osler Health System employs approximately 5,000 at its Brampton Civic and Peel Memorial campuses.
Lululemon, and Pet Valu have their main GTA distribution centres in the city. Wolseley Plumbing built a distribution Center and showroom in Brampton in 2024.
Alstom has an assembly plant in Brampton to fulfil their contract with Metrolinx to build Alstom Citadis Spirit LRV cars for the TTC Finch West (ordered in 2017 with delivery beginning 2021 to be completed by 2023), Hurontario and Eglinton LRT lines. The Hurontario LRT maintenance facility is currently being built in Brampton.
It is also the location of the Canadian Forces Army Reserve unit The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment).[69]
An automobile manufacturing facility was opened by American Motors (AMC) in 1960 as the Brampton Assembly Plant. In 1986, AMC developed a new, state-of-the-art operation at Bramalea. After AMC was acquired by Chrysler in 1987, AMC's Canadian division and its plants were absorbed; the older facility in Brampton closed in 1992. The newest factory was renamed Brampton Assembly; it is one of the city's largest employers, with almost 4,000 workers when running at capacity.." (Brampton - Wikipedia)
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Relevant Material: "Current Brampton MLS® stats indicate an average house price of $938,131 and 1,382 new listings in the last 28 days. As of today, Brampton housing data shows median days on market for a home is 31 days..." (Brampton Housing Market Report | August 2025 Real Estate Trends & Stats | Zolo.ca)
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Indigenous peoples have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years.[21] After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown,[22] the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada...The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada.[26][27] About half of its residents were born outside of Canada and over 200 ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants.[28] While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.[29] The mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 25 councillors since the 2018 municipal election, representing geographical wards throughout the city.[30]
Toronto is a prominent centre for music,[31] theatre,[32] motion picture production,[33] and television production,[34] and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets.[35] Its varied cultural institutions,[36] which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities,[37] attract over 26 million visitors each year.[38][39] Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings,[40] in particular the CN Tower, the tallest freestanding structure on land outside of Asia.[41]
The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks,[42] and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations.[43] Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, aerospace, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.[44][45][46] In 2022, a New York Times columnist listed Toronto as the third largest tech hub in North America, after the San Francisco Bay Area and New York City....Horse-drawn streetcars gave way to electric streetcars in 1891 when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the Toronto Railway Company. The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the Toronto Transportation Commission, later renamed the Toronto Transit Commission. The system now has the third-highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America...The city continues to grow and attract immigrants. A 2019 study by Toronto Metropolitan University (then known as Ryerson University) showed that Toronto was the fastest-growing city in North America. The city added 77,435 people between July 2017 and July 2018. The Toronto metropolitan area was the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in North America, adding 125,298 persons, compared with 131,767 in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metroplex in Texas. The large growth in the Toronto metropolitan area is attributed to international migration to Toronto....Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometres (243 sq mi),[97] with a maximum north–south distance of 21 kilometres (13 mi). It has a maximum east–west distance of 43 km (27 mi), and it has a 46-kilometre (29 mi) long waterfront shoreline, on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. The Toronto Islands and Port Lands extend out into the lake, allowing for a somewhat sheltered Toronto Harbour south of the downtown core.[98] An Outer Harbour was constructed southeast of downtown during the 1950s and 1960s, and it is now used for recreation. The city's limits are formed by Lake Ontario to the south, the western boundary of Marie Curtis Park, Etobicoke Creek, Eglinton Avenue and Highway 427 to the west, Steeles Avenue to the north and the Rouge River and the Scarborough–Pickering Townline to the east...The city is mostly flat or gentle hills, and the land gently slopes upward away from the lake. The flat land is interrupted by the Toronto ravine system, which is cut by numerous creeks and rivers of the Toronto waterway system, most notably the Humber River in the west end, the Don River east of downtown (these two rivers flanking and defining the Toronto Harbour), and the Rouge River at the city's eastern limits. Most of the ravines and valley lands in Toronto today are parklands and recreational trails are laid out along the ravines and valleys. The original town was laid out in a grid plan on the flat plain north of the harbour, and this plan was extended outwards as the city grew. The width and depth of several of the ravines and valleys are such that several grid streets, such as Finch Avenue, Leslie Street, Lawrence Avenue, and St. Clair Avenue, terminate on one side of a ravine or valley and continue on the other side. Toronto has many bridges spanning the ravines. Large bridges such as the Prince Edward Viaduct were built to span broad river valleys.
Despite its deep ravines, Toronto is not remarkably hilly, but its elevation does increase steadily away from the lake. Elevation differences range from 76.5 metres (251 ft) above sea level at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m (686 ft) above sea level near the York University grounds in the city's north end at the intersection of Keele Street and Steeles Avenue.[99] There are occasional hilly areas; in particular, midtown Toronto, as well as the Silverthorn and Fairbank neighbourhoods, have several sharply sloping hills. Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue, 7 to 8 kilometres (4.3 to 5.0 mi) inland.
The other major geographical feature of Toronto is its escarpments. During the last ice age, the lower part of Toronto was beneath Glacial Lake Iroquois. Today, a series of escarpments mark the lake's former boundary, known as the "Iroquois Shoreline". The escarpments are most prominent from Victoria Park Avenue to the mouth of Highland Creek, where they form the Scarborough Bluffs. Other observable sections include the area near St. Clair Avenue West between Bathurst Street and the Don River, and north of Davenport Road from Caledonia to Spadina Road; the Casa Loma grounds sit above this escarpment.[100]
The geography of the lakeshore has dramatically changed since the first settlement of Toronto. Much of the land on the harbour's north shore is landfill, filled in during the late 19th century. Until then, the lakefront docks (then known as wharves) were set back farther inland than today. Much of the adjacent Port Lands on the harbour's east side was a wetland filled in early in the 20th century.[101] The shoreline from the harbour west to the Humber River has been extended into the lake. Further west, landfill has been used to create extensions of land such as Humber Bay Park.
The Toronto Islands were a natural peninsula until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland,[102] creating a channel to the harbour. The peninsula was formed by longshore drift taking the sediments deposited along the Scarborough Bluffs shore and transporting them to the Islands area....Neighbourhoods and former municipalities
Toronto encompasses an area formerly administered by several separate municipalities that were amalgamated over the years. Each developed a distinct history and identity over the years, and their names remain in common use among Torontonians. Former municipalities include East York, Etobicoke, Forest Hill, Mimico, North York, Parkdale, Scarborough, Swansea, Weston and York. Throughout the city, there exist hundreds of small neighbourhoods and some larger neighbourhoods covering a few square kilometres.[citation needed]
The many residential communities of Toronto express a character distinct from the skyscrapers in the commercial core. Victorian and Edwardian-era residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as Rosedale, Cabbagetown, The Annex, and Yorkville.[103] The Wychwood Park neighbourhood, historically significant for the architecture of its homes, and for being one of Toronto's earliest planned communities, was designated as an Ontario Heritage Conservation district in 1985.[104] The Casa Loma neighbourhood is named after "Casa Loma", a castle built in 1911 by Sir Henry Pellat, complete with gardens, turrets, stables, an elevator, secret passages, and a bowling alley.[105] Spadina House is a 19th-century manor that is now a museum.[106]
Old Toronto
The pre-amalgamation City of Toronto covers the downtown core and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and north. It is the most densely populated part of the city. The Financial District contains the First Canadian Place, Toronto-Dominion Centre, Scotia Plaza, Royal Bank Plaza, Commerce Court and Brookfield Place. This area includes, among others, the neighbourhoods of St. James Town, Garden District, St. Lawrence, Corktown, and Church and Wellesley. From that point, the Toronto skyline extends northward along Yonge Street.[citation needed]
Old Toronto is also home to many historically wealthy residential enclaves, such as Yorkville, Rosedale, The Annex, Forest Hill, Lawrence Park, Lytton Park, Deer Park, Moore Park, and Casa Loma, most stretching away from downtown to the north.[citation needed] East and west of downtown, neighbourhoods such as Kensington Market, Chinatown, Leslieville, Cabbagetown and Riverdale are home to bustling commercial and cultural areas as well as communities of artists with studio lofts, with many middle- and upper-class professionals.[citation needed] Other neighbourhoods in the central city retain an ethnic identity, including two smaller Chinatowns, the Greektown area, Little Italy, Portugal Village, and Little India, among others.[107]
Suburbs
The inner suburbs are contained within the former municipalities of York and East York.[108] These are mature and traditionally working-class areas, consisting primarily of post–World War I small, single-family homes and small apartment blocks.[108] Neighbourhoods such as Crescent Town, Thorncliffe Park, Flemingdon Park, Weston, and Oakwood Village consist mainly of high-rise apartments, which are home to many new immigrant families. During the 2000s, many neighbourhoods became ethnically diverse and underwent gentrification due to increasing population and a housing boom during the late 1990s and the early 21st century. The first neighbourhoods affected were Leaside and North Toronto, gradually progressing into the western neighbourhoods in York.[citation needed]
The outer suburbs comprising the former municipalities of Etobicoke (west), Scarborough (east) and North York (north) largely retain the grid plan laid before post-war development.[109] Sections were long established and quickly growing towns before the suburban housing boom began and the emergence of metropolitan government, existing towns or villages such as Mimico, Islington and New Toronto in Etobicoke; Willowdale, Newtonbrook and Downsview in North York; Agincourt, Wexford and West Hill in Scarborough where suburban development boomed around or between these and other towns beginning in the late 1940s. Upscale neighbourhoods were built, such as the Bridle Path in North York, the area surrounding the Scarborough Bluffs in Guildwood, and most of central Etobicoke, such as Humber Valley Village, and The Kingsway. One of the largest and earliest "planned communities" was Don Mills, parts of which were first built in the 1950s.[110] Phased development, mixing single-detached housing with higher-density apartment blocks, became more popular as a suburban model of development. During the late 20th century, North York City Centre and Scarborough City Centre developed separate downtown districts outside Downtown Toronto after the former boroughs were promoted to cities.[111] High-rise development in these areas has given these former municipalities distinguishable skylines of their own, with high-density transit corridors serving them; some of these developments are also transit-oriented.[citation needed]
Industrial
In the 1800s, a thriving industrial area developed around Toronto Harbour and the lower Don River mouth, linked by rail and water to Canada and the United States. Examples included the Gooderham and Worts Distillery, Canadian Malting Company, the Toronto Rolling Mills, the Union Stockyards and the Davies pork processing facility (the inspiration for the "Hogtown" nickname).[112][113] This industrial area expanded west along the harbour and rail lines and was supplemented by the infilling of the marshlands on the east side of the harbour to create the Port Lands. A garment industry developed along lower Spadina Avenue, the "Fashion District". Beginning in the late 19th century, industrial areas were set up on the outskirts, such as West Toronto / The Junction, where the Stockyards relocated in 1903.[114] The Great Fire of 1904 destroyed a large amount of industry in the downtown. Some companies moved west along King Street, and some moved as far west as Dufferin Street, where the large Massey-Harris farm equipment manufacturing complex was located.[115] Over time, pockets of industrial land mostly followed rail lines and later highway corridors as the city grew outwards. This trend continues to this day; the largest factories and distribution warehouses are in the suburban environs of Peel and York Regions, but also within the current city: Etobicoke (concentrated around Pearson Airport), North York, and Scarborough.[citation needed]
Many of Toronto's former industrial sites close to (or in) downtown have been redeveloped, including parts of the Toronto waterfront, the rail yards west of downtown, and Liberty Village, the Massey-Harris district and large-scale development is underway in the West Don Lands.[citation needed] The Gooderham & Worts Distillery produced spirits until 1990 and is preserved today as the "Distillery District", the largest and best-preserved collection of Victorian industrial architecture in North America.[116] Some industry remains in the area, including the Redpath Sugar Refinery. Similar areas that retain their industrial character but are now largely residential are the Fashion District, Corktown, and parts of South Riverdale and Leslieville. Toronto still has some active older industrial areas, such as Brockton Village, Mimico and New Toronto. In the west end of Old Toronto and York, the Weston/Mount Dennis and The Junction areas still contain factories, meat-packing facilities and rail yards close to medium-density residential. However, the Junction's Union Stockyards moved out of Toronto in 1994.[114]
The brownfield industrial area of the Port Lands, on the east side of the harbour, is one area planned for redevelopment.[117] Formerly a marsh that was filled in to create industrial space, it was never intensely developed—its land unsuitable for large-scale development—because of flooding and unstable soil.[118] It still contains numerous industrial uses, such as the Portlands Energy Centre power plant, port facilities, movie and television production studios, concrete processing facilities, and low-density industrial facilities. The Waterfront Toronto agency has developed plans for a naturalized mouth to the Don River and to create a flood barrier around the Don, making more of the land on the harbour suitable for higher-value residential and commercial development.[119] A former chemicals plant site along the Don River is slated to become a large commercial complex and transportation hub.[120]
Architecture
Toronto's buildings vary in design and age, with many structures dating back to the early 19th century, while other prominent buildings were just newly built in the first decade of the 21st century.[121] Lawrence Richards, a member of the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Toronto, has said, "Toronto is a new, brash, rag-tag place—a big mix of periods and styles."[122] Bay-and-gable houses, mainly found in Old Toronto, are a distinct architectural feature of the city. Defining the Toronto skyline is the CN Tower, a telecommunications and tourism hub. Completed in 1976 at a height of 553.33 metres (1,815 ft 5 in), it was the world's tallest[123] freestanding structure until 2007 when it was surpassed by Burj Khalifa in Dubai.[124]
Toronto is a city of high-rises and had 1,875 buildings over 30 metres (98 ft) as of 2011.[125]
Through the 1960s and 1970s, significant pieces of Toronto's architectural heritage were demolished to make way for redevelopment or parking. In contrast, since 2000, amid the Canadian property bubble, Toronto has experienced a condo construction boom and architectural revival, with several buildings opened by world-renowned architects. Daniel Libeskind's Royal Ontario Museum addition, Frank Gehry's remake of the Art Gallery of Ontario, and Will Alsop's distinctive OCAD University expansion are among the city's new showpieces.[126] The mid-1800s Distillery District, on the eastern edge of downtown, has been redeveloped into a pedestrian-oriented arts, culture and entertainment neighbourhood.[127] This construction boom has some observers call the phenomenon the Manhattanization of Toronto after the densely built island borough of New York City.." (The city of Toronto has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa),[130] though was on the threshold of a warm summer humid continental climate (Dfb) until the 20th century due to the urban heat island but still found in the metropolitan region,[131] with warm, humid summers and cold winters. According to the classification applied by Natural Resources Canada, the city of Toronto is in plant hardiness zone 7a. Some suburbs and nearby towns have lower zone ratings.[132][133]
The city experiences four distinct seasons, with considerable variance in length.[134] As a result of the rapid passage of weather systems (such as high- and low-pressure systems), the weather is variable from day to day in all seasons.[134] Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water, Toronto has a fairly low diurnal temperature range. The denser urbanscape makes for warmer nights year-round; the average nighttime temperature is about 3.0 °C (5.4 °F) warmer in the city than in rural areas in all months.[135] However, it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze, since Lake Ontario is cool relative to the air during these seasons.[135] These lake breezes mostly occur in summer, bringing relief on hot days.[135] Other low-scale maritime effects on the climate include lake-effect snow, fog, and delaying of spring- and fall-like conditions, known as seasonal lag.[135]
Winters are cold, with frequent snow.[136] During the winter months, temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F).[136] Toronto winters sometimes feature cold snaps when maximum temperatures remain below −10 °C (14 °F), often made to feel colder by wind chill. Occasionally, they can drop below −25 °C (−13 °F).[136] Snowstorms, sometimes mixed with ice and rain, can disrupt work and travel schedules while accumulating snow can fall anytime from November until mid-April. However, mild stretches also occur in most winters, melting accumulated snow. The summer months are characterized by very warm temperatures.[136] Daytime temperatures are usually above 20 °C (68 °F), and often rise above 30 °C (86 °F).[136] However, they can occasionally surpass 35 °C (95 °F) accompanied by high humidity. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods.[135] Daytime temperatures average around 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F) during these seasons.[136]
Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, but summer is usually the wettest season, the bulk falling during thunderstorms. The average yearly precipitation is 822.7 mm (32.4 in), with an average annual snowfall of 121.5 cm (48 in).[137] Toronto experiences an average of 2,066 sunshine hours or 45 per cent of daylight hours, varying between a low of 28 per cent in December to 60 per cent in July...Toronto has diverse public spaces, from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines. Nathan Phillips Square is the city's main square in downtown, contains the Toronto Sign,[141] and forms the entrance to City Hall. Yonge–Dundas Square, near City Hall, has also gained attention in recent years as one of the busiest gathering spots in the city. Other squares include Harbourfront Square, on the Toronto waterfront, and the civic squares at the former city halls of the defunct Metropolitan Toronto, most notably Mel Lastman Square in North York. The Toronto Public Space Committee is an advocacy group concerned with the city's public spaces. In recent years, Nathan Phillips Square has been refurbished with new facilities, and the central waterfront along Queen's Quay West has been updated recently with a new street architecture and a new square next to Harbourfront Centre.
In the winter, Nathan Phillips Square, Harbourfront Centre, and Mel Lastman Square feature popular rinks for public ice skating. Etobicoke's Colonel Sam Smith Trail opened in 2011 and is Toronto's first skating trail. Earl Bales Park offers outdoor skiing and snowboarding slopes with a chairlift, rental facilities, and lessons. Several parks have marked cross-country skiing trails.
There are many large downtown parks, which include Allan Gardens, Christie Pits, Grange Park, Little Norway Park, Moss Park, Queen's Park, Riverdale Park and Trinity Bellwoods Park. An almost-hidden park is the compact Cloud Gardens,[142] which has both open areas and a glassed-in greenhouse, near Queen Street and Yonge Street. South of downtown are two large parks on the waterfront: Tommy Thompson Park on the Leslie Street Spit, which has a nature preserve and is open on weekends, and the Toronto Islands, accessible from downtown by ferry.
Large parks in the outer areas managed by the city include High Park, Humber Bay Park, Centennial Park, Downsview Park, Guild Park and Gardens, Sunnybrook Park and Morningside Park.[143] Toronto also operates several public golf courses. Most ravine lands and river bank floodplains in Toronto are public parklands. After Hurricane Hazel in 1954, construction of buildings on floodplains was outlawed, and private lands were bought for conservation. In 1999, Downsview Park, a former military base in North York, initiated an international design competition to realize its vision of creating Canada's first urban park. The winner, "Tree City", was announced in May 2000. Approximately 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres), or 12.5 per cent of Toronto's land base, is maintained parkland.[144] Morningside Park is the largest park managed by the city, which is 241.46 hectares (596.7 acres) in size.[144]
In addition to public parks managed by the municipal government, parts of Rouge National Urban Park, the largest urban park in North America, is in the eastern portion of Toronto. Managed by Parks Canada, the national park is centred around the Rouge River and encompasses several municipalities in the Greater Toronto Area.Toronto is an international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial and industrial capital of Canada, Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street in the Financial District. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the world's seventh-largest stock exchange by market capitalization.[171] The five largest financial institutions of Canada, collectively known as the Big Five, all have their global corporate headquarters in Toronto, alongside Canada's major insurance giants.[172][173]
The city is an important centre for the media, publishing, telecommunication, information technology and film production industries; it is home to Bell Media, Rogers Communications, and Torstar. Other prominent Canadian corporations and Canadian subsidiaries of international corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include Magna International, Pizza Pizza, Mr. Sub, Celestica, Manulife, Sun Life Financial, Toyota Canada Inc. the Hudson's Bay Company, and major hotel companies and operators, such as Four Seasons Hotels and Fairmont Hotels & Resorts.[174]
Although much of the region's manufacturing activities occur outside the city limits, Toronto continues to be a wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector. The city's strategic position along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor within the Great Lakes megalopolis and its road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, machinery, chemicals and paper. The completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959 gave ships access to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean.
Toronto's unemployment rate was 6.7 per cent as of July 2016.[175] According to the website Numbeo, Toronto's cost of living plus rent index was second highest in Canada (of 31 cities).[176] The local purchasing power was the sixth lowest in Canada, mid-2017.[177] The average monthly social assistance caseload for January to October 2014 was 92,771. The number of impoverished seniors increased from 10.5 per cent in 2011 to 12.1 per cent in 2014. Toronto's 2013 child poverty rate was 28.6 per cent, the highest among large Canadian cities of 500,000 or more residents.[178]
Bay Street
Media and entertainment
Toronto is Canada's largest media market,[180] and has four conventional dailies, two alt-weeklies, and three free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 6 million inhabitants. The Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun are the prominent daily city newspapers, while national dailies The Globe and Mail and the National Post are also headquartered in the city.[181] The Toronto Star, The Globe and Mail, and National Post are broadsheet newspapers. Several magazines and local newspapers cover Toronto, including Now and Toronto Life, while numerous magazines are produced in Toronto, such as Canadian Business, Chatelaine, Flare and Maclean's. Daily Hive, Western Canada's largest online-only publication, opened its Toronto office in 2016 after acquiring Torontoist from Gothamist.[182] Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English-language Canadian television networks CBC, CTV, Citytv, Global, The Sports Network (TSN) and Sportsnet. Much (formerly MuchMusic), M3 (formerly MuchMore) and MTV Canada are the main music television channels based in the city and have a national viewership. However, they no longer primarily show music videos as a result of channel drift amid a shift in adolescent and young adult demographics.
Film production
Toronto is one of the centres of Canada's film and television industry due in part to the lower cost of production in Canada. The city's streets and landmarks are seen in a variety of films, mimicking the scenes of American cities such as Chicago and New York. The city provides diverse settings and neighbourhoods to shoot films, with production facilitated by Toronto's Film and Television Office. Toronto's film industry has extended beyond the Toronto CMA into adjoining cities such as Hamilton and Oshawa.[183]
Real estate
Real estate is a major force in the city's economy; Toronto is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most expensive real estate, especially since the Canadian property bubble. The Toronto Regional Real Estate Board (TRREB), formerly the Toronto Real Estate Board, is a non-profit professional association of registered real estate brokers and salespeople in Toronto, and parts of the Greater Toronto Area.[184] TRREB was formed in 1920.[184] Many large real estate investment trusts are based in Toronto.
Technology and biotech
Toronto is a large hub of the Canadian and global technology industry, generating $52 billion in revenues annually. In 2017, Toronto tech firms offered almost 30,000 jobs, which is higher than the combination of San Francisco Bay area, Seattle and Washington, D.C.[185] The area bound between the Greater Toronto Area, the region of Waterloo and the city of Hamilton was termed a "digital corridor" by the Branham Group,[186] a region highly concentrated with technology companies and jobs similar to Silicon Valley in California.[187] Toronto is home to a large startup ecosystem and is the third-largest center for information and communications technology in North America, behind New York City and the Silicon Valley.[47] In 2023, the city was ranked as the 17th best startup scene in the world.[188]
Tourism
In 2018, 27.5 million tourists visited Toronto, generating $10.3 billion (~$12.3 billion in 2023) in economic activity.[189] The Toronto Eaton Centre receives over 47 million visitors per year.[190] Other commercial areas popular with tourists include the Path network, which is the world's largest[191] underground shopping complex, as well as Kensington Market and St. Lawrence Market.[192] The Toronto Islands are close to downtown Toronto and do not permit private motor vehicles beyond the airport. Other tourist attractions include the CN Tower, Casa Loma, Toronto's theatres and musicals, Yonge–Dundas Square, and Ripley's Aquarium of Canada.
The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of world culture and natural history. The Toronto Zoo[193][194] is home to over 5,000 animals representing over 460 distinct species. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains an extensive collection of Canadian, European, African and contemporary artwork. Also, it hosts exhibits from museums and galleries from all over the world. The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics, and the Museum's collection contains more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The city also hosts the Ontario Science Centre, the Bata Shoe Museum, and Textile Museum of Canada.
Other prominent art galleries and museums include the Design Exchange,[195] the TIFF Lightbox, the Museum of Contemporary Art Toronto Canada, the Institute for Contemporary Culture, the Toronto Sculpture Garden, the CBC Museum, the Redpath Sugar Museum, the University of Toronto Art Centre, Hart House, the TD Gallery of Inuit Art, Little Canada and the Aga Khan Museum. The city also runs its own museums, which include the Spadina House.[196] The Don Valley Brick Works is a former industrial site that opened in 1889 and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996, with further restoration being completed in stages since then. The Canadian National Exhibition ("The Ex") is held annually at Exhibition Place and is the oldest annual fair in the world. The Ex has an average attendance of 1.25 million.[197]
City shopping areas include the Yorkville neighbourhood, Queen West, Harbourfront, the Entertainment District, the Financial District, and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood.[198][199] The Eaton Centre is Toronto's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually.[200]
Education
Primary and secondary education
There are four public school boards that provide elementary and secondary education in Toronto, the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir, the Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). CSV and TDSB are secular public school boards, whereas MonAvenir and TCDSB are separate public school boards. CSV and MonAvenir are French first language school boards, whereas TCDSB and TDSB are English first language school boards.
TDSB operates the most schools among the four Toronto-based school boards, with 451 elementary schools, 105 secondary schools, and five adult learning centres.[204] TCDSB operates 163 elementary schools, 29 secondary schools, three combined institutions, and one adult learning centre. CSV operates 11 elementary schools, and three secondary schools in the city.[205] MonAvenir operates nine elementary schools,[206] and three secondary schools in Toronto.[207]
Postsecondary education
There are several public universities and colleges based in Toronto. The city is also home to several supplementary schools, seminaries, and vocational schools. Examples of such institutions include The Royal Conservatory of Music, which includes the Glenn Gould School; the Canadian Film Centre, a media training institute founded by filmmaker Norman Jewison; and Tyndale University, a Christian post-secondary institution and Canada's largest seminary.[208][209][210][211]
Universities
Five public universities are based in Toronto. Four of these universities are based in downtown Toronto: OCAD University, Toronto Metropolitan University, the Université de l'Ontario français, and the main St. George campus of the University of Toronto.[212] The University of Toronto is the largest post-secondary institution in Canada and has three campuses, the other two of which are located in the city's eastern district of Scarborough and the neighbouring city of Mississauga respectively.[213] York University is the only Toronto-based university not situated in downtown Toronto, maintaining a primary campus in the northwestern portion of North York and a secondary campus in midtown Toronto.[214]
Several other public universities based elsewhere in Ontario also operate satellite campuses or facilities in Toronto, including Queen's University at Kingston, the University of Ottawa, the University of Western Ontario, Wilfrid Laurier University, and the University of Guelph.[215] The latter operates a satellite campus in northwestern Etobicoke together with Humber Polytechnic, called the University of Guelph-Humber.[216] In addition to public universities, Toronto also holds a satellite campus for Northeastern University, a private university based in Boston.[217]
Colleges
There are four public colleges based in Toronto: Centennial College, George Brown College, Humber Polytechnic (formerly Humber College), and Seneca Polytechnic (formerly Seneca College). The four institutions operate several campuses throughout the city.[218] Several public colleges based elsewhere in Ontario also operate satellite facilities and campuses in Toronto, including Cambrian College, Canadore College, Collège Boréal, Collège La Cité, Fleming College, Georgian College, Lambton College, Loyalist College, Niagara College, St. Clair College, and Sault College.[215]
Human resources
Public health
Toronto is home to twenty public hospitals, including The Hospital for Sick Children,[219] Mount Sinai Hospital,[220] St. Michael's Hospital,[221] North York General Hospital,[222]Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Etobicoke General Hospital, St. Joseph's Health Centre, Scarborough General Hospital, Birchmount Hospital, Centenary Hospital, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, many of which are affiliated with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.
Specialized hospitals are also outside of the downtown core. These hospitals include the Baycrest Health Sciences geriatric hospital and the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital for children with disabilities.
Toronto's Discovery District[223] is a centre of research in biomedicine. It is on a 2.5-square-kilometre (620-acre) research park that is integrated into Toronto's downtown core. It is also home to the MaRS Discovery District,[224] which was created in 2000 to capitalize on the research and innovation strength of the province of Ontario. Another institute is the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM).[225]
Toronto is also host to a wide variety of health-focused non-profit organizations that work to address specific illnesses for Toronto, Ontario and Canadian residents. Organizations include Crohn's and Colitis Canada, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Canadian Cancer Society, the Alzheimer Society of Canada, and Alzheimer Society of Ontario, all located in the same office at Yonge–Eglinton, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada, the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research, Cystic Fibrosis Canada, the Canadian Mental Health Association, and the ALS Society of Canada.
In 2022, 187 homeless people died in Toronto, with 47 per cent dying of drug toxicity, the leading cause.[226] Toronto Public Health described it as an "urgent public health issue", and has responded by opening supervised drug consumption sites, and by advocating for the allowance of personal drug possession.[227]
Public library
Toronto Public Library is the largest public library system in Canada. In 2008, it averaged a higher circulation per capita than any other public library system internationally, making it the largest neighbourhood-based library system in the world.[228] Within North America, it also had the highest circulation and visitors when compared to other large urban systems.[229]
Established as the library of the Mechanics' Institute in 1830, the Toronto Public Library now consists of 100 branch libraries[230] and has over 12 million items in its collection.[229][231][232][233]
Culture and contemporary life
Toronto's theatre and performing arts scene has more than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera companies, two symphony orchestras, many music venues, and a host of theatres. The city is home to the National Ballet of Canada,[234] the Canadian Opera Company,[235] the Toronto Symphony Orchestra,[236] the Canadian Electronic Ensemble, and the Canadian Stage Company. Notable performance venues include the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, Roy Thomson Hall, the Princess of Wales Theatre, the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Massey Hall, the Meridian Arts Centre (formerly the Toronto Centre for the Arts), the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres, and the Meridian Hall (originally the "O'Keefe Centre" and formerly the "Hummingbird Centre" and the "Sony Centre for the Performing Arts").
Ontario Place features the world's first permanent IMAX movie theatre, the Cinesphere,[237] as well as the Budweiser Stage (formerly Molson Amphitheatre), an open-air venue for music concerts. In the spring of 2012, Ontario Place closed after declining attendance. Although the Budweiser Stage and harbour still operate, the park and Cinesphere are no longer in use. There are ongoing plans to revitalise Ontario Place.[238]
Canada's Walk of Fame acknowledges the achievements of successful Canadians with a series of stars on designated blocks of sidewalks along King Street and Simcoe Street.[239]
The production of domestic and foreign film and television is a major local industry. As of 2011, Toronto ranks as the third-largest production centre for film and television after Los Angeles and New York City,[240] sharing the nickname "Hollywood North" with Vancouver.[241][242][243] The Toronto International Film Festival is an annual event celebrating the international film industry.[244]
Toronto's Caribana (formerly known as Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival) takes place from mid-July to early August of every summer.[245] Primarily based on the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, the first Caribana took place in 1967 when the city's Caribbean community celebrated Canada's Centennial. More than forty years later, it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto's Lake Shore Boulevard annually. Tourism for the festival is in the hundreds of thousands, and each year, the event generates over $400 million in revenue for Ontario's economy.[246]
One of the most significant events in the city, Pride Week, takes place in late June and is one of the largest LGBTQ+ festivals in the world.[247]
Food
Sports
Toronto is represented in five major league sports, with teams in the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), Canadian Football League (CFL), and Major League Soccer (MLS). It was formerly represented in a sixth and seventh; the USL W-League that announced on November 6, 2015, that it would cease operation ahead of the 2016 season and the Canadian Women's Hockey League ceased operations in May 2019.[248][249][250] The city's major sports venues include the Scotiabank Arena (formerly Air Canada Centre), Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome), Coca-Cola Coliseum (formerly Ricoh Coliseum), and BMO Field. Toronto is one of five North American cities (alongside Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and the New York Tri-state area) to have won titles in its five major leagues (MLB, NHL, NBA, MLS and either NFL or CFL), and the only one to have done so in the Canadian Football League.
Historic sports clubs of Toronto include the Granite Club (established in 1836), the Royal Canadian Yacht Club (established in 1852), the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (established before 1827), the Argonaut Rowing Club (established in 1872), the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (established in 1881), and the Badminton and Racquet Club (established in 1924).[251][252]
Professional sports
Toronto is home to the Toronto Maple Leafs, one of the NHL's Original Six clubs, and has also served as home to the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1958.[253] The city had a rich history of hockey championships. Along with the Maple Leafs' 13 Stanley Cup titles, the Toronto Marlboros and St. Michael's College School-based Ontario Hockey League teams, combined, have won a record 12 Memorial Cup titles.[254] The Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League also play in Toronto at Coca-Cola Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs. The Toronto Six, the first Canadian franchise in the National Women's Hockey League, began play with the 2020–21 season.[255] However, the National Women's Hockey League folded. Its successor, the Professional Women's Hockey League, has the Toronto Sceptres.
The city is home to the Toronto Blue Jays MLB baseball team. The team has won two World Series titles (1992, 1993).[256][257] The Blue Jays play their home games at the Rogers Centre in the downtown core. Toronto has a long history of minor-league professional baseball dating back to the 1800s, culminating in the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team, whose owner first proposed an MLB team for Toronto.[258]
The Toronto Raptors basketball team entered the NBA in 1995 and has since earned eleven playoff spots and five Atlantic Division titles in 24 seasons.[259] They won their first NBA title in 2019.[260] The Raptors are the only NBA team with their own television channel, NBA TV Canada.[261] They play their home games at Scotiabank Arena, which is shared with the Maple Leafs. In 2016, Toronto hosted the 65th NBA All-Star game, the first to be held outside the United States.[262] The Toronto Tempo of the WNBA will begin play in 2026.
The city is represented in Canadian football by the CFL's Toronto Argonauts, which was founded in 1873.[263] The club has won 18 Grey Cup Canadian championship titles. The club's home games are played at BMO Field.
Toronto is represented in soccer by the Toronto FC MLS team, who have won seven Canadian Championship titles, as well as the MLS Cup in 2017 and the Supporters' Shield for best regular season record, also in 2017.[264] They share BMO Field with the Toronto Argonauts. Toronto has a high level of participation in soccer across the city at several smaller stadiums and fields. Toronto FC entered the league as an expansion team in 2007.[265][266] AFC Toronto of the Northern Super League play at York Lions Stadium.
The Toronto Rock is the city's National Lacrosse League team. They won five National Lacrosse League Cup titles in seven years in the late 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, appearing in an NLL-record five straight championship games from 1999 to 2003, and are first all-time in the number of Champion's Cups won. The Rock formerly shared the Scotiabank Arena with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors. However, the Toronto Rock moved to the nearby city of Hamilton while retaining its Toronto name.
The Toronto Wolfpack became Canada's first professional rugby league team and the world's first transatlantic professional sports team when they began play in the Rugby Football League's League One competition in 2017.[267] Due to COVID-19 restrictions on international travel the team withdrew from the Super League in 2020 with its future uncertain.[268] The rugby club's ownership changed in 2021, now 'Team Wolfpack' will play in the newly formed North American Rugby League tournament.[269]
Toronto is home to the Toronto Rush, a semi-professional ultimate team that competes in the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL).[270][271] Ultimate (disc), in Canada, has its beginning roots in Toronto, with 3300 players competing annually in the Toronto Ultimate Club (League).[272]
Toronto has hosted several National Football League (NFL) exhibition games at the Rogers Centre. Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2013.
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scarborough Shooting Stars | CEBL | Basketball | Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre | 2021 | 0 |
| AFC Toronto | NSL | Soccer | York Lions Stadium | 2025 | 0 |
| Toronto Argonauts | CFL | Canadian football | BMO Field | 1873 | 18 (last in 2022) |
| Toronto Blue Jays | MLB | Baseball | Rogers Centre | 1977 | 2 (last in 1993) |
| Toronto FC | MLS | Soccer | BMO Field | 2007 | 1 (last in 2017) |
| Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | Hockey | Scotiabank Arena | 1917 | 13 (last in 1967) |
| Toronto Marlies | AHL | Hockey | Coca-Cola Coliseum | 2005 | 1 (last in 2018) |
| Toronto Raptors | NBA | Basketball | Scotiabank Arena | 1995 | 1 (last in 2019) |
| Toronto Rock | NLL | Box lacrosse | TD Coliseum | 1998 | 6 (last in 2011) |
| Toronto Sceptres | PWHL | Hockey | Coca-Cola Coliseum | 2024 | 0 |
| Toronto Tempo | WNBA | Basketball | Coca-Cola Coliseum | 2026 | 0 |
| Toronto Wolfpack | NARL | Rugby league | Lamport Stadium | 2017 | 1 (in 2017 League 1) |
| York United FC | CPL | Soccer | York Lions Stadium | 2018 | 0 |
Collegiate sports
The University of Toronto in downtown Toronto was where the first recorded college football game was held in November 1861.[273] Many post-secondary institutions in Toronto are members of U Sports or the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, the former for universities and the latter for colleges.
Toronto was home to the International Bowl, an NCAA sanctioned post-season college football game that pitted a Mid-American Conference team against a Big East Conference team. From 2007 to 2010, the game was played at Rogers Centre annually in January.
Events
Toronto, along with Montreal, hosts an annual tennis tournament called the Canadian Open (not to be confused with the identically named golf tournament) between the months of July and August. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montreal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice versa in even-numbered years.
The city hosts the Toronto Waterfront Marathon annually, one of the World Athletics Label Road Races.[274] Toronto also hosts the annual Grand Prix of Toronto car race (officially named Ontario Honda Dealers Indy Toronto and formerly Honda Indy Toronto), part of the IndyCar Series schedule, held on a street circuit at Exhibition Place.[275] It was known previously as the Champ Car's Molson Indy Toronto from 1986 to 2007. Both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing events are conducted at Woodbine Racetrack in Rexdale, most notably the King's Plate.
Toronto hosted the 2015 Pan American Games in July 2015 and the 2015 Parapan American Games in August 2015. It beat the cities of Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia, to win the rights to stage the games.[276] The games were the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in Canada (in terms of athletes competing), double the size of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia.[277]
Toronto was a candidate city for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Atlanta and Beijing respectively.[278]
Toronto was named as one of 16 cities in North America (and one of two Canadian cities) to host matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup." (Toronto - Wikipedia)
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Relevant Material: "Greater Toronto Area (GTA) condominium apartment rentals became more affordable in the second quarter of 2025. Average one-bedroom and twobedroom rents trended lower on a year-over-year basis, as renters benefitted from substantial negotiating power with landlords due to a very well-supplied marketplace.
The number of condominium apartments leased through the Toronto Regional Real Estate Board (TRREB) MLS® System in Q2 2025 amounted to 20,417 – an increase of 16.6 per cent compared to Q2 2024. Similarly, the number of condominium apartments listed for rent, at 27,060, was up by 16 per cent year-over-year...While relatively strong population growth and less demand for ownership housing resulted in strong growth in rental transactions, the inventory of units remained very high from a historic perspective as well. Average one-bedroom rents were down by 5.1 per cent year-over-year in Q2 2025 to $2,326. Average two-bedroom rents were down by 3.5 per cent over the same period to $3,066.
Looking forward, recent trends in the GTA rental market will likely remain in place, at least for the remainder of 2025. Condominium apartment completions will result in more investor-held rental supply coming on line. At the same time, the population in the GTA will continue to grow. On net, the regional population grows due to immigration. Many newcomers initially choose to rent..." (Rental Market Report – TRREB)
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Relevant Material: "The Toronto commercial real estate outlook for late 2025 is cautiously optimistic, with vacancy rates expected to peak in early 2025 and then stabilize, leading to a long-term undersupply of modern, high-quality office spaces. While the industrial market has softened from its peak, it is anticipated to tighten, and the retail and multi-family sectors remain robust. Institutional capital is expected to return to the market, boosting liquidity and investment volumes.
- The office sector is in a stabilization phase, with declining vacancy rates and a growing confidence among tenants. There's a clear "flight-to-experience," favoring high-quality, amenity-rich offices in vibrant locations, which is expected to lead to tighter vacancy in modern buildings. The slowdown in construction activity is projected to create an undersupply of such modern spaces in the long term.
- After a period of high growth, the industrial market is softening. While rents saw a slight decline from their peak, they are expected to stabilize in mid-2025, potentially rising later in the year if demand picks up. Build-to-suit activity is increasing as companies focus on supply chain efficiency.
- The fundamentals of the retail and multi-family sectors remain strong and robust.
- Institutional capital is poised to re-enter the market, increasing liquidity and investment volumes.
- Economic headwinds initially reduced investment activity, but declining borrowing costs and interest rate stabilization are creating a more favourable borrowing environment and should encourage a more robust investment market.
- The market is expected to see continued stabilization as vacancy rates peak and begin to tighten, especially for high-quality office products.
- The limited development pipeline, with construction levels at a 20-year low, will help reduce volatility and create a long-term undersupply of modern buildings.
- Landlords are likely to prioritize filling their buildings rather than solely focusing on maximizing rental rates. .." (Google)
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- Relevant Material: "Q2 2025 • Toronto’s Downtown activity remains highly concentrated around the A Class office buildings and trophy towers. Buildings connected to the PATH near transit hubs continue to outperform their peers. Deal volume is already outpacing 2024 at the halfway mark of 2025, signalling improved momentum in the market. Flight-to-quality remains the dominant theme, as occupiers prioritize best-in-class space to support talent attraction and retention. Public and private landlords are naturally taking different approaches as the market swings upward—with public entities often more focused on preserving valuations, while private owners show greater flexibility to capture emerging demand. • Most landlords across both Downtown and Suburban markets are dealing with heightened pressure to secure and retain tenancy. While face rates may appear stable in some cases, aggressive inducements remain widespread behind the scenes. The deal environment is defined by heavy upfront packages: rent-free periods, TI allowances, and flexible early exit options. Retention strategies are becoming just as complex as new leasing efforts. • It is not only Toronto’s office market seeing landlords feeling pressure, but it is also starting to become more of a tenant's market on the industrial side. There is more emphasis on maintaining existing tenants through various incentives; given the number of options available in the market, landlords must become more flexible during negotiations. • Market activity has started to increase compared to the slower start to the year, partly due to tariffs and the federal elections. If market sentiment stabilizes in the second half of the year, this could lead to an increase in industrial transactional volume. Statistics Central* Office QoQ Suburban Office QoQ Total Office QoQ Total Industrial QoQ Vacancy Rate 13.5% 12.1% 12.8% 2.6% Total Vacancy (SF) 16,296,285 16,540,389 32,836,674 22,343,973 Direct Vacancy (SF) 13,402,557 14,261,774 27,664,331 20,376,757 Sublet Vacancy (SF) 2,893,728 2,278,615 5,172,343 1,967,216 Industrial Availability Rate---4.4% Industrial Available Space (SF)---38,246,810 Avg. Asking Net Rent (PSF) $32.49 $19.88 $26.00 $16.96 Net Absorption (SF) 59,976 -54,082 5,894 79,562 Net Absorption (SF) - YTD 194,054-467,912-273,858 2,078,217 New Supply (SF) 0 0 0 806,810 New Supply (SF) – YTD 464,500 0 464,500 3,613,767 Under Construction (SF) 2,018,696 190,212 2,208,908 10,478,002 ..." (National Market Snapshot Q2 2025)
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- Relevant Material: "
Working From Home Statistics for Canadians
- Around 5 million Canadians worked from home during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- 90% of remote workers report consistent or higher productivity rates.
- 41% of remote workers would prefer to work half their weekly hours remotely.
- 39% of remote workers would rather work remotely for most, if not all, of their time.
- 37-48% of all paid jobs in advanced economies, such as Canada or the United States, can be performed remotely.
- 8% of businesses are strongly considering consolidating their physical office spaces due to remote working options.
- 37% of remote workers are over the age of 55.
- 54% of gig workers believe they are working more than before the pandemic..." (Working from Home in Canada Statistics for 2025 | Made in CA)
Relevant Coverage:
a) Travel & Health
b) Personal Property Coverage
c) Life Insurance: Freedom of Choice, Accidental benefits and pay cheque protections, AD&D, Legal Will
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